For some birth defects, researchers know the cause. But for many birth defects, the exact cause is unknown. Researchers think that most birth defects are caused by a complex mix of factors, which can include:

• Genetics. One or more genes might have a change or mutation that prevents them from working properly. For example, this happens in Fragile X syndrome. With some defects, a gene or part of the gene might be missing.

• Chromosomal problems. In some cases, a chromosome or part of a chromosome might be missing. This is what happens in Turner syndrome. In other cases, such as with Down syndrome, the child has an extra chromosome.

• Exposures to medicines, chemicals, or other toxic substances. For example, alcohol misuse can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

• Infections during pregnancy. For example, infection with Zika virus during pregnancy can cause a serious defect in the brain.

• Lack of certain nutrients. Not getting enough folic acid before and during pregnancy is a key factor in causing neural tube defects.

Cleft lip with cleft palate

Occurrence rate: 1 in every 1,563 births

Overview: A type of orofacial cleft, this birth defect occurs when both the lip doesn’t join completely (cleft lip) and the roof of the mouth doesn’t join completely (cleft palate). Surgery during the first 12 to 18 months of your child’s life can correct the issues.

Cleft palate

Occurrence rate: 1 in every 1,687 births

Overview: This type of birth defect occurs when just the lip doesn’t join completely in utero. Depending on the severity, the opening can be small or large enough to extend into the nose.

Congenital heart defects (CHD)

Occurrence rate: 1 in every 110 births

Overview: A heart defect is an umbrella term to describe any structural heart issue that affects how the organ works. Some defects impact how blood flows due to holes in the heart while others are more specific to parts of the heart, such as the aorta.

Hypospadias

Occurrence rate: 1 in every 200 births

Overview: This male defect occurs when the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. This causes difficulty urinating, and surgery is often required.

Ventricular septal defect

Occurrence rate: 1 in every 240 births

Overview: Known as a hole in the heart, ventricular septal defects are the most common heart defect. The defect occurs when the wall between the left and right ventricle (lower chambers) doesn’t form properly and leaves an opening between the two. Some VSDs get smaller or close on their own while larger holes require surgery.

1. Be sure to take 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid every day.

2. Book a visit with your healthcare provider before stopping or starting any medicine.

3. Become up-to-date with all vaccines, including the flu shot.

4. Boost your health by avoiding harmful substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.

Feeling stressed is common during pregnancy because pregnancy is a time of many changes. Your family life, your body and your emotions are changing. You may welcome these changes, but they can add new stresses to your life.

High levels of stress that continue for a long time may cause health problems, like high blood pressure and heart disease. During pregnancy, stress can increase the chances of having a premature baby (born before 37 weeks of pregnancy) or a low-birthweight baby (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces). Babies born too soon or too small are at increased risk for health problems.

You can connect with Dr. Kharbanda on +91 - 9810063593 or drop an Email at cleftlipandpalatedelhi@gmail.com or svkharbanda@yahoo.in